The MIT Tech­nol­ogy Review September/ Octo­ber edi­tion brings an arti­cle by Daniel Den­nett titled Higher Games: It’s been 10 years since IBM’s Deep Blue beat Garry Kas­parov in chess. A promi­nent philoso­pher asks what the match meant (sub­scrip­tion required), which is cre­at­ing a lot of buzz on the sci­ence blo­gos­phere on whether humans or machines are “smarter”.

• Chess com­put­ers beat humans: Does this mean com­put­ers are “cre­ative”? (Cog­ni­tive Daily)
• Is Deep Blue Human? (The Frontal Cortex)
• The Intel­li­gence of Game-Playing Soft­ware (Aardvarchaeology)
• Chess and Arti­fi­cial Intel­li­gence (The Ques­tion­able Authority)

All this begs the ques­tion, what does “being smart” means? “Is it pos­si­ble to improve intel­li­gence and become “smarter” and what does it really mean to be “smarter?” (ques­tion asked by Patri­cia, one of our readers).

Today we bring you an answer to those ques­tions pro­vided by David Gamon, author of Build­ing Men­tal Mus­cle: Con­di­tion­ing Exer­cises for the Six Intel­li­gence Zones:

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As we age, our brains accu­mu­late an ever larger col­lec­tion of pat­terns. This gives us a kind of men­tal quick­ness that com­pen­sates for the slow­ing of pro­cess­ing speed. Instead of hav­ing to piece together the pat­tern bit by bit from scratch by asso­ci­at­ing indi­vid­ual pieces of data, you need only a few pieces of data to make you real­ize that they fit a pat­tern you already know, much the way a few bars of melody are all you need to rec­og­nize an entire song.

The more expe­ri­ence we accu­mu­late, the more of these pat­terns we hold in our brains, and the less effort we have to make to piece together new pieces of data in new ways. With that comes a dan­ger. We get lazy. It’s a lot eas­ier to rec­og­nize a pat­tern than to piece the pat­tern together in the first place.

It also hap­pens that we become lim­ited by the pat­terns we accu­mu­late in our brains. Instead of hav­ing new insights new pat­terns  we tend to assume that old pat­terns are suf­fi­cient to han­dle new data. Maybe in some cases they are, but maybe in some cases we would piece together new pat­terns if only we were open to the idea that the old pat­terns might not be all there is. So on the one hand, we have a richer array of pat­terns to draw on in pro­cess­ing infor­ma­tion and fig­ur­ing things out, and we can come up with cre­ative insights by mak­ing con­nec­tions between pat­terns that we might at first had thought were com­pletely dif­fer­ent. (That’s what metaphors are.)

But one thing we have to guard against as we age is a loss of men­tal flex­i­bil­ity. Men­tal flex­i­bil­ity the abil­ity to switch rapidly between two things at once, or change cog­ni­tive horses in mid-stream, or see old things in a brand-new way  nat­u­rally tends to decline as we age. So it’s impor­tant to do more than just rely on old famil­iar pat­terns as we get older. The more pat­terns we have, the eas­ier it is to get away with rely­ing on them, but the more impor­tant it is that we do MORE than just rely on them.

A part of your brain respon­si­ble for men­tal flex­i­bil­ity and really effort­ful problem-solving is called the pre­frontal cor­tex, which is right up at the front of your brain behind your fore­head. This is a part of your brain that tends to decline the most with age. So it’s impor­tant to do things that give this part of your brain a lot of exer­cise. For­tu­nately, it’s not hard to do it in a way that’s fun rather than just unpleas­ant. Doing men­tal arith­metic gives your pre­frontal cor­tex a work­out, but it may not be much fun. You’d need an awful lot of willpower to do a lot of men­tal arith­metic exer­cises every day, and sooner or later you’d prob­a­bly just give up.

The trick is to take advan­tage of all those pat­terns with­out JUST rely­ing on them. The thing you need to do is process new data in new ways, and form new pat­terns all the time, instead of just falling back on the old ones. This is the impor­tance of nov­elty not just doing new things with your brain, but also learn­ing new tricks for mak­ing sure you’re not just falling back on old pat­terns when pro­cess­ing new data. So you can keep all those old songs in your mind, but learn new ones too, so your inven­tory grows larger every day instead of stop­ping in your 20s or 30s.

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These key­words (pat­tern recog­ni­tion, men­tal flex­i­bil­ity, pro­cess­ing speed, cre­ative con­nec­tions, effort­ful problem-solving, deal­ing with nov­elty) illu­mi­nate what intel­li­gence is more than the still pop­u­lar IQ. We will be talk­ing more about intel­li­gence, cog­ni­tive skills and IQ over the next weeks.

Enjoy the long hol­i­day week­end (if you are in the US).

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